Posts Tagged ‘Science’

Our Country Needs Schools Like Azusa Pacific

Jon Wallace Thursday, January 27th, 2011

Yesterday I flew to our nation’s capital on the heels of President Obama’s State of the Union address to attend the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities’ 35th Annual Presidents Conference. I’d watched Obama, like so many Americans, eager to see if the spirit of civility that arose in the wake of the Arizona tragedy would remain. Political pundits claimed the president’s speech lacked the inspiration of the eulogy delivered days before in honor of the fallen in Arizona. But the essence of his address transcended partisanship. He issued a proclamation, a bold statement on how to “win the future.” His roadmap begins with the family, finds fuel in access to education, and challenges the American people to call upon the creativity that has launched our greatest innovations and resulted in our global leadership.

With bags in hand and in view of the snow that blanketed the mall, I considered again the president’s words. Obama summoned the American people to success. He outlined a call to action that places education and innovation front and center. As a university president, this challenge raises the heat under our mission and purpose. As the president of Azusa Pacific, the largest Christian college on the West Coast, a private institution that prepares the third largest number of educators in California, an academy with a $54 million science center and an exemplary faculty preparing future doctors and nurses, engineers and scientists, math teachers and physical therapists, the urgency that surrounds our distinct mission to equip disciples and scholars to advance the work of God in the world ratcheted up several notches.

President Obama exposed this dismal truth: “America has fallen to ninth in the proportion of young people with a college degree. And so the question is whether all of us—as citizens, and as parents—are willing to do what’s necessary to give every child a chance to succeed.” Making an APU education accessible and affordable to those who want it, not to mention retaining them once here through to graduation, presents significant challenges that we’re meeting head on and determined to overcome.

I agree with Obama that “the education race doesn’t end with a high school diploma. To compete, higher education must be within reach of every American.” That’s why we want to ensure the affordability of an APU education for anyone who wants it. To do so, we’re focusing on transfer students, making the transition easier and earning an APU degree possible in two years. This not only means transfer students hit the job market faster, but also addresses the issue of access for ethnic minorities which remains a critical component of our commitment to diversity. We’re also keeping tuition increases modest, bearing in mind the economic beating many of our students’ parents have weathered in the last several years.

I loved it when Obama put the onus of sparking the love of learning back on the family. He said, “That responsibility begins not in our classrooms, but in our homes and communities. It’s family that first instills the love of learning in a child. Only parents can make sure the TV is turned off and homework gets done. We need to teach our kids that it’s not just the winner of the Super Bowl who deserves to be celebrated, but the winner of the science fair; that success is not a function of fame or PR, but of hard work and discipline.”

Obama championed the family and so do we. That respect for the family undergirded our decision to bring on the HomeWord Center for Youth and Family at APU. We want to give our community and alumni the resources and skills needed to nurture great marriages and raise good kids, people you and I want to call neighbor, whether that’s in Azusa or Zambia.

Then President Obama turned to the unsung hero: the teacher. He reminded us that “the biggest impact on a child’s success comes from the man or woman at the front of the classroom. In South Korea, teachers are known as ‘nation builders.’ Here in America, it’s time we treated the people who educate our children with the same level of respect.” In 10 years, Obama wants 100,000 new math and science teachers. Think about that for a moment: We are in the business of equipping students poised to become nation builders and world changers.

What an opportunity, and this university can be part of that education revolution. We have great facilities in which to train future scientists, doctors, and math and science teachers, with the very best scholars to guide them. We have a track record of success—our graduates exceed the national average for obtaining admission to the best medical and dental schools and nursing and physical therapy programs by several fold. We train teachers that transform classrooms in math and in science, in English and in history. I’m the president, and I know I’m biased, but there’s proof to back up my claim. Superintendents in districts near and far comment on the difference in our graduates as educators. Yes, they possess the requisite competencies, but they also possess the character. Did you know we have two California Teachers of the Year in our alumni ranks?

Then Obama issued a challenge that I pray many of our current and prospective students and alumni considering career change heed, “In fact, to every young person listening tonight who’s contemplating their career choice: If you want to make a difference in the life of our nation; if you want to make a difference in the life of a child—become a teacher. Your country needs you.”

And this country needs universities like Azusa Pacific University. We have an awesome responsibility first to our God and then to our country. Join me in this effort.

The Science of the Crucifixion

Christian Brazo Monday, March 29th, 2010

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[The following article was originally printed in the Spring 2002 issue of APU Life magazine. Tally (French '00) Flint adapted a lecture by Cahleen Shrier, Ph.D., for the publication]

Each year, Cahleen Shrier, Ph.D., professor in the Department of Biology and Chemistry, presents a special lecture ion the science of the crucifixion. She details the physiological process a typical crucified victim underwent and teaches her students to see Christ’s death on the cross with new understanding. The exact events in this scenario may not have happened in Jesus’ specific case, but the account is based on historical documentation of crucifixion procedures used during that time period. Please be aware that the following is of a realistic and graphic nature.

It is important to understand from the beginning that Jesus would have been in excellent physical condition. As a carpenter by trade, He participated in physical labor. In addition, He spent much of His ministry traveling on foot across the countryside. His stamina and strength were, most likely, very well developed. With that in mind, it is clear just how much He suffered: If this torture could break a man in such good shape, it must have been a horrific experience.

Matthew 26:36-46, Mark 14:37-42, Luke 22:39-44

After the Passover celebration, Jesus takes His disciples to Gethsemene to pray. During His anxious prayer about the events to come, Jesus sweats drops of blood. There is a rare medical condition called hemohedrosis, during which the capillary blood vessels that feed the sweat glands break down. Blood released from the vessels mixes with the sweat; therefore, the body sweats drops of blood. This condition results from mental anguish or high anxiety, a state Jesus expresses by praying “my soul is deeply grieved to the point of death” (Matthew 26:38). Hemohidrosis makes the skin tender, so Jesus’ physical condition worsens slightly.

Matthew 26:67-75, Mark 14:61-72, Luke 22:54-23:25, John 18:16-27

Traveling from Pilate to Herod and back again, Jesus walks approximately two and a half miles. He has not slept, and He has been mocked and beaten (Luke 22:63-65). In addition, His skin remains tender from the hemohedrosis. His physical condition worsens.

Matthew 27:26-32, Mark 15:15-21, Luke 23:25-26, John 19:1-28

Pilate orders Jesus to be flogged as required by Roman law before crucifixion Traditionally, the accused stood naked, and the flogging covered the area from the shoulders down to the upper legs. The whip consisted of several strips of leather. In the middle of the strips were metal balls that hit the skin, causing deep bruising. In addition, sheep bone was attached to the tips of each strip.

When the bone makes contact with Jesus’ skin, it digs into His muscles, tearing out chunks of flesh and exposing the bone beneath. The flogging leaves the skin on Jesus’ back in long ribbons. By this point, He has lost a great volume of blood which causes His blood pressure to fall and puts Him into shock. The human body attempts to remedy imbalances such as decreased blood volume, so Jesus’ thirst is His body’s natural response to His suffering (John 19:28). If He would have drank water, His blood volume would have increased.

Roman soldiers place a crown of thorns on Jesus’ head and a robe on His back (Matthew 27:28-29). The robe helps the blood clot (similar to putting a piece of tissue on a cut from shaving) to prevent Jesus from sustaining more blood loss. As they hit Jesus in the head (Matthew 27:30), the thorns from the crown push into the skin and He begins bleeding profusely. The thorns also cause damage to the nerve that supplies the face, causing intense pain down His face and neck. As they mock Him, the soldiers also belittle Jesus by spitting on Him (Matthew 27:30). They rip the robe off Jesus’ back and the bleeding starts afresh.

Jesus’ physical condition becomes critical. Due to severe blood loss without replacement, Jesus is undoubtedly in shock. As such, He is unable to carry the cross and Simon of Cyrene executes this task (Matthew 27:32).

Matthew 27:33-56, Mark 15:22-41, Luke 23:27-49, John 19:17-37300x300

Crucifixion was invented by the Persians between 300-400 B.C. It is quite possibly the most painful death ever invented by humankind. The English language derives the word “excruciating” from crucifixion, acknowledging it as a form of slow, painful suffering.1 Its punishment was reserved for slaves, foreigners, revolutionaries, and the vilest of criminals. Victims were nailed to a cross; however, Jesus’ cross was probably not the Latin cross, but rather a Tau cross (T). The vertical piece (the stipes) remains in the ground permanently. The accused carries only the horizontal piece (the patibulum) up the hill. Atop the patibulum lies a sign (the titulus), indicating that a formal trial occurred for a violation of the law. In Jesus’ case, this reads “This is the King of the Jews” (Luke 23:38).

The accused needed to be nailed to the patibulum while lying down, so Jesus is thrown to the ground, reopening His wounds, grinding in dirt, and causing bleeding. They nail His “hands” to the patibulum. The Greek meaning of “hands” includes the wrist. It is more likely that the nails went through Jesus’ wrists. If the nails were driven into the hand, the weight of the arms would cause the nail to rip through the soft flesh.

Therefore, the upper body would not be held to the cross. If placed in the wrist, the bones in the lower portion of the hand support the weight of the arms and the body remains nailed to the cross. The huge nail (seven to nine inches long)2 damages or severs the major nerve to the hand (the median nerve) upon impact. This causes continuous agonizing pain up both of Jesus’ arms.

Once the victim is secured, the guards lift the patibulum and place it on the stipes already in the ground. As it is lifted, Jesus’ full weight pulls down on His nailed wrists and His shoulders and elbows dislocate (Psalm 22:14).3 In this position, Jesus’ arms stretch to a minimum of six inches longer than their original length.

It is highly likely that Jesus’ feet were nailed through the tops as often pictured. In this position (with the knees flexed at approximately 90 degrees),4 the weight of the body pushes down on the nails and the ankles support the weight. The nails would not rip through the soft tissue as would have occurred with the hands. Again, the nail would cause severe nerve damage (it severs the dorsal pedal artery of the foot) and acute pain.

Normally, to breathe in, the diaphragm (the large muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity) must move down. This enlarges the chest cavity and air automatically moves into the lungs (inhalation). To exhale, the diaphragm rises up, which compresses the air in the lungs and forces the air out (exhalation). As Jesus hangs on the cross, the weight of His body pulls down on the diaphragm and the air moves into His lungs and remains there. Jesus must push up on His nailed feet (causing more pain) to exhale.

In order to speak, air must pass over the vocal cords during exhalation. The Gospels note that Jesus spoke seven times from the cross. It is amazing that despite His pain, He pushes up to say “Forgive them” (Luke 23:34).

The difficulty surrounding exhalation leads to a slow form of suffocation. Carbon dioxide builds up in the blood, resulting in a high level of carbonic acid in the blood. The body responds instinctively, triggering the desire to breathe. At the same time, the heart beats faster to circulate available oxygen. The decreased oxygen (due to the difficulty in exhaling) causes damage to the tissues and the capillaries begin leaking watery fluid from the blood into the tissues. This results in a build-up of fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion) and lungs (pleural effusion). The collapsing lungs, failing heart, dehydration, and the inability to get sufficient oxygen to the tissues essentially suffocate the victim.5 The decreased oxygen also damages the heart itself (myocardial infarction) which leads to cardiac arrest. In severe cases of cardiac stress, the heart can even burst, a process known as cardiac rupture.6 Jesus most likely died of a heart attack.

After Jesus’ death, the soldiers break the legs of the two criminals crucified alongside Him (John 19:32), causing suffocation. Death would then occur quicker. When they came to Jesus, He was already dead so they did not break His legs (John 19:33). Instead, the soldiers pierced His side (John 19:34) to assure that He was dead. In doing this, it is reported that “blood and water came out” (John 19:34), referring to the watery fluid surrounding the heart and lungs.

While these unpleasant facts depict a brutal murder, the depth of Christ’s pain emphasizes the true extent of God’s love for His creation. Teaching the physiology of Christ’s crucifixion is a constant reminder of the magnificent demonstration of God’s love for humanity that was expressed that day in Calvary. This lesson enables me to participate in communion, the remembrance of His sacrifice, with a grateful heart. I am struck every time with the stunning realization that as a flesh and blood human, Jesus felt every ounce of this execution. What greater love than this can a man have for his friends?

1Behold, the Man. Produced and directed by Alex Metherell and Hugh Ross. 60 min. Trinity Broadcasting Network, 2000. Videocassette.
2Ibid.
3Ibid.
4Eastman, Mark. “Agony of Love: A physician’s look at the crucifixion.” From a link on Mars Hill homepage [Internet website] – [cited 14 February 2002]. Available at www.marshill.org/agony.htm.
5Ibid.
6Ibid.

General Resources:
Davis, C. Truman. “The Crucifixion of Jesus.” Arizona Medicine, 22, no. 3 (1965): 183-187.

Edwards, William D., et. Al. “On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ.” The Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no.11 (1986): 1455-1463.