Former Undergraduate Research Program
This program has been archived and is no longer active.
History of the Undergraduate Research Program
In her first year, Shrier organized a campus poster session on Cougar Walk during which undergraduate students competed for awards. The following year, she held the event in Wilden auditorium, integrating oral presentations and concluding with a reception for all participants, families, and friends. Shrier also arranged undergraduate research sessions and poster presentations at the university’s annual Common Day of Learning.
Perhaps most importantly, Shrier developed a process to fund undergraduate students to attend or present research at national academic conferences. In the early years, when few undergraduates engaged in research, departments used this funding to take groups of students to local conferences. Eventually, however, as individual research projects increased, Shrier could fund only those students who presented at conferences, which remains the case today. To promote the undergraduate research program’s resources, she emailed faculty and placed information in chapel announcements for students. She also initiated participation in the Council on Undergraduate Research (CUR), of which APU has been an active member for years. In her capacity as a nonvoting member of APU’s Faculty Research Council, she successfully lobbied to increase the salary of undergraduate research interns on campus to reflect their unique skill set.
In 1999, English professor Carole Lambert, PhD, assumed the position of director of undergraduate research, which she held for six years. Her tenure saw an increase in the number of students who sought and received funding to present their research at regional and national conferences, especially first-generation students and undergraduates who had never before engaged in research. Initially, all students accepted to conferences sponsored by a reputable academic society and who had the support of an APU faculty-mentor received travel funds. With the increase in student research, however, Lambert’s funding wore thin, so she began encouraging department chairs to support students with whatever discretionary funds might be available.
Mark Eaton, PhD, an associate professor of English, was interim director during Lambert’s sabbatical in fall 2004. When, in 2005, Lambert became APU’s director of research, Charity Plaxton-Hennings, PhD, an associate professor of psychology, stepped in as director of undergraduate research. Plaxton-Hennings continued the tradition of funding student research travel and promoting undergraduate research across the disciplines. She was succeeded by another associate professor of psychology, Curtis Hsia, PhD, who held the position during the 2006-07 academic year.
In fall 2007, Kevin S. Huang, PhD, an associate professor of chemistry, began a nine-year stint as director of undergraduate research. In addition to revamping the undergraduate travel protocols and participating in CUR conferences, Huang’s most important contribution was launching the Scholarly Undergraduate Research Experience (SURE) in 2013. This program provides funding to advanced undergraduates and financial compensation to their full-time faculty-mentors to complete competitive research projects that make an original intellectual or creative contribution to their discipline. Funded student-faculty dyads have included the humanities, fine arts, business, political science, nursing, theology, and STEM, and have resulted in numerous professional conference presentations, several peer-reviewed publications, and at least one national award. This important funding opportunity has increased the quantity and quality of APU’s undergraduate research projects, which has stimulated student competitiveness for graduate programs and professional positions.
Verónica A. Gutiérrez, MFA, PhD, who replaced Huang in the fall of 2016, is the outgoing director of undergraduate research. Gutiérrez has increased the visibility of the program by launching undergraduate research showcases each semester, during which students and their faculty-mentors discuss the origins, challenges, and benefits of their research experience and answer questions before an audience of their peers. During the 2021-22 academic year, the Undergraduate Research Program pivoted to virtual showcases, recordings of which can be viewed on the Office of Research and Grants YouTube channel. Partnering with David Weeks, the dean of the Honors College, in the summer of 2020, Dr. Gutiérrez helped launch APU's account with the Student Opportunity Center (SOC), the nation’s largest online database for scholarships, grants, fellowships, internships, co-ops, conferences, publications, and juried competitions. A free platform for students, the SOC enhanced APU student engagement in research during the two academic years (2020-21 and 2021-22) that we offered this opportunity..
One of Gutiérrez’s most lasting legacies is transforming the Undergraduate Research Program’s single-page website into a more practical resource for students and faculty. Individual pages for conference travel awards, undergraduate research showcases, the Scholarly Undergraduate Research Experience (SURE) Award, recent student presentations, and the history of the undergraduate research program broadcast and celebrate APU student accomplishments beyond the institution.
Anupama Jacob, PhD, who served as interim director in the fall of 2019, will replace Dr. Gutiérrez in the fall of 2022 as APU’s director of undergraduate research.
This program is currently without a director until further notice.
APU’s Directors of Undergraduate Research
| Name | Title | Term |
|---|---|---|
| Cahleen Shrier, PhD | Assistant Professor Department of Biology and Chemistry |
1997-99 |
| Carole Lambert, PhD | Professor Department of English |
1999-2005 |
| Mark Eaton, PhD (Interim) |
Associate Professor Department of English |
Fall 2004 |
| Charity Plaxton-Hennings, PhD | Associate Professor Department of Psychology |
2005-06 |
| Curtis Hsia, PhD | Associate Professor Department of Psychology |
2006-07 |
| Kevin Huang, PhD | Associate Professor Department of Biology and Chemistry |
2007-16 |
| Anupama Jacob, PhD | Professor Department of Social Work |
Fall 2019 |
| Verónica A. Gutiérrez, MFA, PhD | Associate Professor Department of History and Political Science |
2016-2022 |
| Anupama Jacob, PhD | Professor Department of Social Work |
2022-2023 |
Undergraduate Research Showcase
One
Undergraduate Social Work Students’ Attitudes Toward Diverse Gender and Sexual Identities
at Azusa Pacific University: Implications for BSW Education
Undergraduate Researcher: Chloé DePledge, Sociology Major
Faculty-Mentor: Anupama Jacob, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Social Work
The Impact of Christian Parents’ Attitudes on Their Homosexual Children’s Faith Development
Undergraduate Researcher: Mudi Li, Psychology Major/Honors minor
Faculty-Mentors: Kathryn Ecklund, PhD, Professor and Chair, and Andrew Shelton, PhD,
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology
Two
Deterrence and Mutually Assured Destruction in the Age of Ballistic Missile Defense
Systems
Student Researcher: Abigail Brown, International Relations and Honors Humanities Major
Faculty-Mentor: Daniel Palm, PhD, Professor and Chair, Department of History and Political
Science
Kinesiophobia Prevalence among College Athletes
Student Researcher: Lindsey McNeely, Kinesiology Major
Faculty-Mentor: Robert Dudley, PhD(c), Assistant Professor, Department of Kinesiology
One
Quaker Peacemaker? Richard Nixon and the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty with the
Soviet Union
Undergraduate Researcher: Zachary Fuhr, History Major
Faculty-Mentor: Ethan Schrum, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of History and
Political Science
Ultrasonographic Assessment of Femoral Cartilage Thickness in Ultramarathon Runners
Undergraduate Researcher: Rachel Lundblom, Applied Exercise Science Major/Psychology
Minor
Faculty-Mentor: Robert Dudley, MS, Assistant Professor, Department of Kinesiology
Two
Investigating the Epistemology of Testimony as it Relates to Self-Worth
Undergraduate Researcher: Cherrish Hardy, Philosophy Major/Humanities and Sociology
Minor
Faculty-Mentors: Rico Vitz, PhD, Professor and Chair, and Teri Merrick, PhD, Professor,
School of Theology
Genetic Engineering of Immune Cells with Costimulatory Chimeras for Enhanced Anti-tumor
Targeting
Undergraduate Researcher: Abel Castro, Biology Major
Faculty-Mentor: Megan Prosser, PhD, Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Biology
and Chemistry
Opportunities at Freedom: Victims of Human Trafficking and Development of Psychological
Capital (PSYCap)
Undergraduate Researcher: Peter John Nishimoto, Nursing Major
Faculty-Mentor: Cheryl Boyd, MSN, RN, APRN-CNS, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing
Three
Measuring the Effects of Nature and Urban Sounds on Directed Attention
Undergraduate Researcher: Bri Askew, Psychology Major
Faculty-Mentor: Teresa Pegors, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology
One
Art or Propaganda: The Use of Words During the Harlem Renaissance
Undergraduate Researcher: Gabrielle Lawrence-Cormier, English Major
Faculty Mentor: Patricia Andujo, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of English
Identifying Facilitators and Barriers to Health Care in Victims and Survivors of Human
Sex Trafficking in America
Undergraduate Researcher: Sarah Corr, Nursing Major
Faculty Mentor: Cheryl Boyd, MSN, RN, APRN-CNS, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing
Two
A Shifting Nature of the Divine: Causes for Western Kenya’s Theological Breakaway
from European Christianity and the Birth of the Independent Church Movement in Nyanza
Province
Undergraduate Researcher: Brannon Muya, History Major/Theology Minor
Faculty Mentor: Verónica A. Gutiérrez, MFA, PhD, Director, Undergraduate Research;
Associate Professor, Department of History and Political Science
Overexpression of GFP-tagged KAP3 in Cell Culture Shows Specific Subcellular Localization
Patterns and Effects on Cell Morphology Involving Disruption of the Actin Cytoskeleton
Undergraduate Researcher: James MacAtangay
Faculty Advisor: Matthew Berezuk, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Biology
and Chemistry
Three
Minding the ‘Unbridgeable Gap’: The Future of Conscientious Objection in a Secular
Age
Undergraduate Researcher: Alain Julian León, Philosophy Major
Faculty Mentor: Rico Vitz, PhD, Professor and Chair, School of Theology
Published: Alain Julian León and Rico Vitz. Christian Bioethics Journal: Non-Ecumenical Studies in Medical Morality (Oxford University Press): Volume 23, Issue 2, pp. 149–168 (August 2017)
Two-dimensional Discrete Solitons in a Lattice With Embedded PT-symmetric Defect
Undergraduate Researcher: Kevin Frank, Math Major
Faculty Mentor: Edwin Ding, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics and
Physics
Four
Helping the Homeless: A Model of Public and Private Sector Partnership in Los Angeles
County
Undergraduate Researcher: Tess Scherkenback, Political Science Major
Faculty Mentor: Abbylin Sellers, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of History and
Political Science
Creating Culture-Specific False Memories
Undergraduate Researcher: Hyun (Hannah) Seo Lee, Psychology Major
Faculty Mentor: Benjamin Marsh, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology;
Director, Common Day of Learning
Scholarly Undergraduate Research Experience (SURE) Award
Azusa Pacific University’s Scholarly Undergraduate Research Experience (SURE) Award—which requires a dean’s nomination—funds competitive research grant proposals written by undergraduates to work under the guidance of full-time faculty-mentors. For the purposes of this award, the Council on Undergraduate Research defines undergraduate research as “an inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate student that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline.”1 The goal of SURE is to foster a culture of undergraduate research by:
- Promoting undergraduate student/faculty research dyads
- Encouraging the undergraduate research experience
- Supporting the undergraduate grant writing process
- Providing an opportunity for undergraduate students to finesse their research findings for presentation at an academic conference and/or for publication
Since its inception in 2013, SURE has funded 58 student/faculty dyads from across the disciplines, resulting in multiple professional conference presentations, several peer-reviewed publications, participation in APU’s Undergraduate Research Showcases, and at least one national award (2016 SURE recipient Tess Scherkenback received an American Enterprise Institute grant). This important funding opportunity has significantly increased the quantity and quality of APU’s vibrant undergraduate research efforts.
For more information, see our SURE promotional video.
The SURE award program is on hold until further notice. Applications for this program are not being accepted at this time.
Past Recipients
Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Spirocyclic Small Molecules as Anticancer Drugs
Cheyenne Woon, Biochemistry (Mentor: Kevin Huang, PhD, Associate Professor, Department
of Biology and Chemistry)
Addressing Barriers to Health Care and Public Health Interventions Among Vulnerable
Populations in Mae Sot, Thailand, and Ensenada, Mexico
Julia Michaella Mercado, Nursing (Mentor: Koy Parada, PhD, Assistant Professor, School
of Nursing)
Interpersonal Violence: Capturing the Voices of Students at a Faith-Based Institution
Sara Delfina Posadas, Criminal Justice and Spanish (Mentor: Candice Williams, PhD,
Chair and Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Justice
Automatically Classifying Stochastic Functions Using Deep Learning
Will Cook, Engineering (Mentor: James Yeh, PhD, Professor and Chair, Department of
Computer Science, Engineering, Math, Physics, and Statistics
Investigation into the SmMAK16 protein and its role in rRNA through a zinc finger
motif
Hannah Kersemeier, Biochemistry and Honors Humanities (Mentor: Jon Milhon, PhD, Professor,
Department of Biology and Chemistry
Exploring the rational drug design process in the synthesis and evaluation of novel
spirocyclic small molecules
Ye Seong (Dave) Koo, Biochemistry; Psychology minor (Mentor: Kevin Huang, Associate
Professor, Department of Biology and Chemistry
Our Backs to Eden: Toward an Eschatology Informed by Darwin
Emmalyn Morgan, Psychology and Honors Humanities (Mentor: Joshua Morris, PhD, Professor,
Honors College)
Metabolic studies in Gromphadorhina portentosa
Justin Soliman, Biology and Honors Humanities (Mentor: Kenneth Sossa, PhD, Professor,
Department of Biology and Chemistry)
The Making of The Uses of the University
Cade Wallrath, History (Mentor: Ethan Schrum, Associate Professor of History, Department
of History and Political Science)
Deterrence and Mutually Assured Destruction in the Age of Ballistic Missile Defense
Systems
Abigail Brown, International Relations and Honors Humanities (Mentor: Daniel Palm,
PhD, Chair, Department of History and Political Science)
Philosophical Tension: The Apprenticeship/Mentorship Model of Learning vs. the Democratization
of Learning Environments
Peter Cooley, Music Education and Honors Humanities (Mentor: John Burdett, EdD, Department
of Music Studies)
Undergraduate Social Work Students’ Attitudes Toward Diverse Gender and Sexual Identities
at Azusa Pacific University: Implications for BSW Education
Chloé DePledge, Social Work, (Mentor: Anupama Jacob, PhD, Department of Social Work)
The Church, Abortion, and Reproductive Injustice: Reframing Abortion Rhetoric
Anna Disser, Social Work (Mentor: Jennifer Buck, PhD, School of Theology)
Systems Engineering for a Satellite Network Alternative to Black Boxes for Aircraft
Karina Gray, Engineering (Mentor: George Thomas, PhD, Chair, Department of Computer
Science, Engineering, Math, Physics, and Statistics)
The Impact of Christian Parents’ Attitudes on Their Homosexual Children’s Faith Development
Mudi Li, Psychology; Honors Humanities minor (Mentors: Andrew Shelton, PhD, and Kathryn
Ecklund, PhD, Chair, Department of Psychology
Kinesiophobia Prevalence among College Athletes
Lindsey McNeely, Kinesiology (Mentor: Robert Dudley, PhD (Cand) Department of Kinesiology)
Race/Ethnicity, Social Class, and Cultural Variables on Mental Health Effects of COVID-19
Karmanjeet Singh, Psychology (Mentor: Andrew Shelton, PhD, Department of Psychology)
SURE Awards canceled due to COVID-19.
Music Fundamentals for Children with Disabilities
Miguel Álvarez-Díaz III (Mentor: Alexander Koops, DMA (Department of Music Studies)
American Christianity and the Concept of the Secular in the Mid-Twentieth Century
Elissabeth Buckles (Mentor: Ethan Schrum, PhD, Department of History and Political
Science)
Identifying Common and Unique Factors of Math Performance Using 2015 PISA Data: A
Cross-cultural Comparison by Big Data Analytics
Lydia Gaid (Mentor: Chong Ho (Alex) Yu, PhD, Department of Psychology)
Progress Towards an Efficient Synthesis of Allicin
Amelia Gray (Mentor: Kevin S. Huang, PhD, Department of Biology and Chemistry)
Music of Hispanic Influence: Compositions for School Instrumental Music Ensembles
Olivia Huizar (Mentor: John Burdett, EdD, Department of Music Studies)
A Theological Case Against Fast Fashion
Moriah Lorris (Mentor: Jennifer Buck, PhD, School of Theology)
The Religious Origins of the Mixtec Transnational Community (withdrew)
Kevin McDaniel (Mentor: Bryan Lamkin, PhD, Department of History and Political Science)
The Conscious Machine
Bell’aria Sarian (Mentor: Joshua Rasmussen, PhD, School of Theology)
Emotional Suppression Between College Roommates
Sierra Bridge and Anna Dickinson (Mentor: Courtney Davis, PhD, Department of Organizational
Leadership and Communication)
Cultural Competence in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants,
and Children (WIC) in Azusa, California
Juliana D’Aoust (Mentors: Priscila Díaz Castañeda, PhD, and Kathryn Ecklund, PhD,
Department of Psychology)
Bridging the Research-Practice Divide: Barrier Identification to Field-based Research
Implementation in Social Work Practice
Martha Floyd (Mentors: Anupama Jacob, PhD, and Amy Tauati, MSW, Department of Social
Work)
Saving the Secular Mystic: Charles Taylor on the Romantics
Jensen A. Kirkendall (Mentor: Adam Green, PhD, School of Theology)
Spirocyclic Heterocycles as Potential Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Cancer
Cells
Jordan Mar (Mentor: Kevin S. Huang, PhD, Department of Biology and Chemistry)
Chief Health Complaints and Barriers to Follow-up Care in Los Angeles County’s Diverse
Homeless Populations of Skid Row, Pasadena, East San Gabriel Valley, and Hollywood
(Withdrew)
Diane Lexi Neypes (Mentor: Koy Parada, MPH, PhD(c), School of Nursing)
Exploring Complex Religious Responses to Trauma: Associations between Religious Coping,
Posttraumatic Stress, and Posttraumatic Growth
Emma Steele (Mentor: Curtis Lehmann, PhD, Department of Psychology)
All Hail King Killmonger: A Study of the Construction of Black Identity in Popular
Culture (Withdrew)
Lee Vaugh (Mentor: Christopher Noble, PhD, Department of English/High Sierra Program)
Measuring the Effects of Nature and Urban Sounds on Directed Attention
Bri Askew (Mentor: Teresa Pegors, PhD, Department of Psychology)
10GHz and 24GHz Doppler Radars for Automobile Traffic Flow Optimization
Ryan Brown (Mentor: Rick Sturdivant, PhD, Department of Computer Science, Engineering,
Math, Physics, and Statistics)
Genetic Engineering of Immune Cells with Costimulatory Chimeras for Enhanced Anti-tumor
Targeting
Abel de Castro (Mentor: Megan Prosser, PhD, Department of Biology and Chemistry)
Quaker Peacemaker? Richard Nixon and the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty with the
Soviet Union
Zachary Fuhr (Mentor: Ethan Schrum, PhD, Department of History and Political Science)
- Published: Fuhr, Zachary. “Hot Line Ring: Richard Nixon and the Hot Line Modernization Agreement of 1971,” History Matters: An Undergraduate Journal of Historical Research (Appalachian State University): Volume 15 (May 2018)
Investigating the Epistemology of Testimony as it Relates to Self-worth
Cherrish Hardy (Mentors: Rico Vitz, PhD, and Teri Merrick, PhD, School of Theology)
Ultrasonographic Assessment of Femoral Cartilage Thickness in Ultramarathon Runners
Rachel Lundblom (Mentor: Robert Dudley, MS, Department of Exercise and Sport Science)
Opportunities at Freedom: Victims of Human Trafficking and Development of Psychological
Capital (PSYCap)
Alex Nishimoto (Mentor: Cheryl Boyd, PhD, APRN, Department of Nursing)
Neuroprotective Effects of 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 on Human Pericytes or
Human Astrocytes Using Oxygen Glucose Deprivation (OGD)
Austin Santiago (Mentor: Kathleen Tallman, PhD, Department of Biology and Chemistry)
Identifying Facilitators and Barriers to Health Care in Victims and Survivors of Human
Sex Trafficking in America
Sarah Corr (Mentor: Cheryl Boyd, PhD, APRN, Department of Nursing)
- Presented at:
- Western Institute of Nursing, Denver, Colorado (April 2017)
- APU School of Nursing Research Symposium (March 2017)
- APU Common Day of Learning as “Sex Trafficking: What To Know and What To Do” (March 2017)
Two-dimensional Discrete Solitons in a Lattice with Embedded PT-symmetric Defect
Kevin Frank (Mentor: Edwin Ding, PhD, Department of Mathematics and Physics)
Art or Propaganda: The Use of Words during the Harlem Renaissance
Gabrielle Lawrence-Cormier (Mentor: Patricia Andujo, PhD, Department of English)
- Co-presented (with Patricia Andujo) at:
- Conference on Christianity and Literature, California Baptist University, Riverside, California (May 2016)
Creating Culture-specific False Memories
Hyun Seo Lee (Mentor: Benjamin Marsh, PhD, Department of Undergraduate Psychology)
Minding the ‘Unbridgeable Gap’: The Future of Conscientious Objection in a Secular
Age
Alain León (Mentor: Rico Vitz, PhD, School of Theology)
- Published: Alain Julian León and Rico Vitz. Christian Bioethics Journal: Non-Ecumenical Studies in Medical Morality (Oxford University Press): Volume 23, Issue 2, pp. 149-168 (August 2017)
Overexpression of GFP-tagged KAP3 in Cell Culture Shows Specific Subcellular Localization
Patterns and Effects on Cell Morphology Involving Disruption of the Actin Cytoskeleton
James Macatangay (Mentor: Matthew Berezuk, PhD, Department of Biology and Chemistry)
Helping the Homeless: A Model of Public and Private Sector Partnership in Los Angeles
County
Tess Scherkenback (Mentor: Abbylin Sellers, PhD, Department of History and Political
Science)
- Awarded:
- Values and Capitalism Young Scholar Award, American Enterprise Institute, 2016-2017
- Outstanding Political Science Major 2017
- Presented at:
- Glendora City Council (Spring 2017)
- Glendora Chamber of Commerce Legislative Action Committee (Spring 2017)
- Project defense before a panel of policy experts on homelessness and poverty at the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC (April 2017)
- Published: Scherkenback, Tess. “Helping the Homeless: A Model of Public- and Private-Sector Partnership in Los Angeles County,” Values & Capitalism (American Enterprise Institute): pp. 107-144 (Spring 2017)
Transfiguration on Forked River Mountain
Megan Wood (Mentor: Brent Everett Dickinson, MFA, Department of Art)
Special Olympics—Reach Up
Eric Alirez (Mentor: Warren Koch, PhD, School of the Arts)
Using Spiritual Assessment Questionnaires in Clinical Practice
Katrina Donato (Mentor: Connie Brehm, PhD, FNP, PHN, RN, Department of Nursing)
The Divine Energies and the End of Human Life
Marissa Espinoza (Mentor Rico Vitz, PhD, School of Theology)
Determinants of Labor Participation and Wages Before and After Cancer: Evidence from
Structural Break Estimation
Austin Fleming (Mentor: Elwin Tobing, PhD, Business and Management)
Co-precipitation of SmMAK16 and Alpha Importin from Schistosoma Mansoni
Amanda Iavasile (Mentor: Jon Milhon, PhD, Department of Biology and Chemistry)
At the Heart of Morality Lies Neuro-Visceral Integration: Lower Cardiac Vagal Tone
Predicts Utilitarian Moral Judgment
Matthew Kriege (Mentor: Gewnhi Park, PhD, Department of Undergraduate Psychology)
Graphs with Small Zero-diagonal Minimum Rank Over Z3
Josiah Lehman-Schletewitz (Mentors: Johannes André Harmse, PhD, and Sharon McCathern,
PhD, Department of Mathematics and Physics)
Appropriating Shakespeare: Coleridge’s Reception of Shakespeare as Criticism
Elizabeth McIntosh (Mentor: Michael Smith, MFA, EdD, Department of English)
Réflexion Fatale
Carolyn Albaugh (Mentor: Bill Catling, MFA, Department of Art)
Evaluation of Anti-CXCR2 Small Molecule Inhibitors as Novel Chemotherapy Targeting
the Interleukin-8 Pathway in Colorectal Cancer
Yinghui (Jane) Huang (Mentor: Melissa LaBonte Wilson, PhD, Department of Biology and
Chemistry)
Against Indifference: The Me’am Lo’ez and Compassion for the Other
Andrew Soria (Mentor: Carole Lambert, PhD, Department of English)
Home and Career for Men and Women: An Analysis of Career Aspiration, Religiosity,
and Gender Role Ideology
Samuel Vaudrey (Annie Tsai, PhD, Department of Undergraduate Psychology)